Actions in France

After Gallipoli, The Australian and New Zealand troops were reinforced and sent to the Western Front. New recruits joined Gallipoli veterans to take over a 16 kilometre section of the line in Northern France. The section stretched from Armentieres village to the Sugarloaf Salient in front of the German-held village of Fromelles.

Because the fighting was not as frequent, this section was nicknamed ‘the nursery’. It was used to ease new arrivals into life in the trenches:

But before taking [the section] over, the men trained passing through gas-filled trenches wearing the cumbersome gasmasks, marching long distances on the cobbled roads and learning to lie down and not panic when faced with the gushing jet of the new German flamethrower.

- Leon Davidson

Responding to German raids, Australian troops launched their own swift and savage attacks on the opposition trenches and listening posts. Small bands of volunteers blackened their faces with ash and swapping rifles for cudgels and revolvers; they attempted to cause havoc and gain information by grabbing prisoners during night raids. Jack Lockett was in France from 1916:

I was in a silent raid where there were seventeen of us [...] black faces and everything and we got to his line and he had his line with barbed wire, just coils of barbed wire [...] we went over and we got cutting his wire, he was snipping his wire and he put a light on and he turned the machine gun on to us. And [...] seventeen went over and four of us got back.

- Jack Lockett

The battle of Fromelles, Australia’s first action of World War I, was originally a diversionary attack designed to occupy German troops from another battle. Even though this battle was over, British and Australian generals decided that the objectives at Fromelles were still achievable. The no-man’s-land between the two sides was an expanse of 360 metres and there were doubts about the amount of artillery available for the preliminary assault.

On July 19 British artillery began the shelling of the Sugarloaf - named after the cones of sugar that were sold at the time - but were answered by an even greater reply from the German divisions. Three Australian brigades faced the force of the German machine guns. Half the Australian troops reached the German front line and their objective (an abandoned support trench) but the remaining troops could not capture the hill. The Australian forces were now split and a German counter-attack saw them take possession of their old front line.

After vicious fighting at close-quarters the Australians attempted to get back to their own lines. There were more than 5,000 Australian casualties in a battle that lasted nine hours. Troops in no-man's-land writhed in agony, and shocked observers of the aftermath struggled for words:

If you had gathered the stock of a thousand butcher-shops, cut it into small pieces and strewn it about, it would give you a faint conception of the shambles those trenches were...

- 59th Battalion Corporal, Hugh Knyvett

Although the Anzacs would have more successful engagements in the years to come, and would eventually earn a reputation as shock troops, actions like Fromelles represented the old ways of military thinking: pitting lightly armed men (infantry) against heavily reinforced trenches and the new German heavy machine guns.

Poison gas, of which there would be 20 different types tested by both sides, was another terrible invention that changed the way armies would fight.

Later generals like John Monash would demand that infantry was only used to take ground with the protection of creeping barrages of artillery and tanks that could withstand some of the impact of modern weaponry.